Easy Articles

Ghost - Fact or Fiction 1

2009-09-28T12:00:00.001-07:00

Behind the CURTAIN

In the dark, when we switch on a light we could see things around us. As far the light goes that much far we can see, but as much far (distance) the light travels its strength and sharpness weakens and finally it ends up in the dark. Our power of observing the things around us also weakens and ends up in the dark along with the travel of the light. What is in the dark we do not know? For this we have to look behind the curtain or you can say, behind the wall. On the other hand while staying in the light and looking at the dark, it gives us very unusual feelings and shapes. Such feelings affect the creativity of our mind and we feel that there is something different than the normal life; we feel like there is something abnormal around us. Something suspicious and mysterious, Parapsychology starts from this point, or we can say parapsychology starts from the point where we feel different than the normal life...

Now the question arises that what is an abnormal/supernatural (the best suitable word in this topic is supernatural which I will use throughout this discussion). Is it an unseen object which is more powerful and clever than us and is always trying to make us frightened of its existence? Does it want something from us? Or do we owe something to him and he is after us for that, etc … if these are not the case then why he is only after us I means after the human beings, and why don’t he is after the other creatures on the earth.

We have never ever experienced an animal, a bird or a tree to which we can say that it is in trouble due to supernatural powers. When ever these things are affected, they are always affected by the NATURE; I mean some kind of disaster, like earth quack, floods, viral diseases etc...

If we believe in NATURE then believing something super than the nature (supernatural) is not justified, because NATURE means GOD (the truth, reality, facts and systematic), what ever the way you believe in HIM but if you believe, than He is the top most power in your faith. And we all know that there is nothing which could be superior to GOD. I will avoid and will try my best not to be involved in the religious thoughts in this topic because I want to discuss it purely in the light of logic and scientific theories, and wants to justify their existence or non-existence scientifically, but yet a little touch of the religion will be there, as when discussing such topics we cannot avoid the religious thoughts, it always remains there, even I would like to say that such topic are mostly generated through the religion (whatever religion it may be) and ends up in the religion like (securing the help of a priest, mullah, or pundit to get rid of these supernatural powers).

As I discussed above that we do not know what is behind the curtain, and until we do not explore it we will never know it. For example Sun, Moon, Lightning etc … there was a time when all these natural elements were having the label of supernatural, even these were being worshipped as god, but gradually the philosophers, scientists, and researchers has explored the truth and proved the realities. Now somehow these creations of Nature are in our grip, even we have already stepped in on the MOON. Before going in details about these so-called supernatural things I would like to share my personal experiences about these elements. Why first mine and then for others have a reason. What I have experienced I could tell it with confidence. For others I cannot guarantee for its correctness, it could be correct or may be only a fiction. I do have a lot of such experiences which will be very surprising for you but to me they are all normal.

Author Wajahat - 11-Sept-2009

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Relationships

2009-09-27T14:47:00.000-07:00

Attracting the Opposite Sex Through Body Language

Flirting Is an Art

Key Indicators to Pack Your Bags

Knowing when to leave is important, sometimes it's just time to pack your bags. Often times we stay in a relationship because that is all we know or it's "comfortable." There are several key indicators that allow us see when its time to quit. We need to pay attention to these.

Make Your Marriage Last

When the Children Come

After the Trust is Broken

Love Is a Decision

Men and Women Are Not Created Equal

Love and Lust - Are They the Same Or Different?

In this world there is love and lust; are they one in the same? Can one occur with out the other? The answer is yes!
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Make Him Pant For Your Attention

The Dating Game and Attractiveness

If love is blind then why are there so many lingerie stores? If looks aren't everything then why do we look? A person's physical appearance greatly influences other people's impression of them.
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How Did This Happen?

In order to understand why you are getting divorced you have to understand what makes a marriage last since 90% of us will marry in our lifetime. 50% of us will get divorced, 60% of second marriages and so on. We need to look at everything.

How Did This Happen?

2009-09-27T11:02:00.001-07:00

Both parties bring things into the marriage. The question is these things equal? One person might bring and education, a high I.Q., or a good job. The other person is bringing physical attractiveness, social background or gentleness. Both parties must perceive these as equal and rewarding. If Communication is another key factor in making things work. It must open and validate your feelings. Expecting your partner to read your mind will not work. Now we have a marriage that is equitable and rewarding with communication that is open and validating what happened? Why are we getting divorced? I thought everything was perfect now everything is crumbling down around me.

Two things happen when a marriage ends in divorce:

1. The situation is different and has changed even if we didn't notice

2. The perception of the situation has changed "they" the other person sees differently.

Things in the marriage are no longer equitable. The communication has ended or changed. Someone has changed. This does not mean the person asking for the divorce is the one who changed or hasn't changed. It only means that one has occurred unless things can be made equitable again and the communication has returned the marriage will end. Both parties must be willing to try to make things equitable and bring back communication. So the question is can we marry again? It depends on the situation and each one is different and can change. But, if you love each other you will make it equitable after all love is a decision.

Debbie Krause aka Dr. Mama Love http://www.askdrmamalove.com answering all your questions on relationships, love, marriage and family issues. Ask you questions and I'll get back to you as soon as possible.

The Dating Game and Attractiveness

2009-09-27T10:59:00.001-07:00

If love is blind then why are there so many lingerie stores? If looks aren't everything then why do we look? A person's physical appearance greatly influences other people's impression of them. People feel better about themselves when they are around attractive people. Attractive people are thought to be more responsive, intelligent, kind and outgoing.

Now the question is, what do people find attractive? We know that it changes from country to country. We also know that society sets the norm of what attractiveness is. American males tend to prefer females that are thin and have an asymmetrical face, large eyes, full lips, small waist and large breast. Most of us hope for just one of these. American females tend to choose males with broad shoulders, long muscular bodies and someone who is physically strong, has large eyes, and full lips. Hairstyles for men and women tend to change yearly but in most cases surveys show that the males still prefers long hair.

Now that we know what American find attractive on the outside, what do they find attractive on the inside? We tend to be attracted to those who are close in proximity and have common interest. We tend to like people who agree with us, who have similar backgrounds and goals (Hatfield & Rapson study). We like those physically attractive but as we become older and are looking for a mate this becomes less and less important. We want someone who will reward us for our behavior. When we look for our mate we start looking for someone who we can become attached to, someone will to make a commitment. Someone who is honest and sexually arouses us.

So, where is this person we will want to marry someday? They are probably right next-door, going to the same church, with you in the clubs at the soccer and football games. You won't find them not until you are mentally ready. Sometimes love finds you though before you "think" you are ready.

Debbie Krause aka Dr. Mama Love http://www.askdrmamalove.com answering all your questions on relationships, love, marriage and family issues. Read other interesting articles on dating and love.

Make Him Pant For Your Attention

2009-09-27T10:57:00.003-07:00

You want a man to beg for your attention and want to go out with you? All you have to do is follow a few simple steps and you can have any man panting to be with you. The first thing you need to do is make sure you are beautiful on the inside because when you do this it will radiate on the outside. The confidence that you will have when you find your inner beauty will be obvious. Remember this also means being yourself. Don't pretend to be someone you're not or it will never last long.

Be positive and don't be negative about anything. People don't like to be around people who complain all the time. Negativity only brings people down and they won't want to be with you. Try to say something good about everyone.

Take a good look at your physical appearance. What is it that is attractive about you? Those are the things that we need to play up. Are you big breasted then low cut items work well for you. Do you have a small waist? Then find clothes that will emphasis that. A little make up enhances your features but too much makeup will make you look like a tramp! Always make sure that you keep yourself looking your best. A subtle perfume or body spray works great. Don't put too much perfume on or they will run. Heels will make a man drool but truthfully they want you to dress appropriately for the occasion. Don't wear high heels to a soccer or football game. Don't where short, shorts to church outings.

Try learning about The Art of flirting and how to read Body language. These are very helpful in getting his attention. These can be found on my web page.

Be kind and courteous to everyone you meet. Hold the door open for others. Ask people if you can help if they look like they need it. Try to be outgoing. Make yourself memorable by talking to everyone and listening to others. Listening is a very desirable trait. Be approachable sometimes shyness can be seen as stuck-up or make you unapproachable so try to work on this.

If you do all of the above men will be busting down your door to get a chance to go out with you!

Love and Lust - Are They the Same Or Different?

2009-09-27T10:53:00.001-07:00

In this world there is love and lust; are they one in the same? Can one occur with out the other? The answer is yes!

Lust is the physical feeling you get when you visually see someone who is desirable. You like that persons style, you like their physique. The way he is built with his muscles or her breasts. Lust makes your stomach flip and gives you the giddy feeling that you have when you're near that person. Lust is the desire for self-gratification. Lust and sexual desire usually go hand in hand. It's the physical attraction.

Love however is the thing that last. It is the feeling that you want the best for the other person. Love is having the desire to put the other person first above your own need. Love does not require a physical attraction but usually occurs because you are in love. Love is what grows with time. The Bible speaks of love in 1 Corinthians 13. It tells us love is patient and kind and doesn't envy and doesn't keep record of wrong. It protects and trusts.

So the question is can you have them both? Yes! You can be physically attracted to someone and have those desires and yet still love that person. The problem is if you have lust without love what kind of relationship will you have? Not much of one. Not one that will last. If your have love and lust for that person. Well your lucky. Over time the feeling of lust will come and go in a relationship but, love takes you through the dip till you can fell those giddy feeling again. It's kind of like a roller coaster ride; there's ups and downs in the relationship but love carries us through it all.

I'm Dr. Mama aka Debbie Krause I give advice on relationships, dating, love, family issues and marriage. If you need advice please visit me at http://www.askdrmamalove.com and ask your questions.

Men and Women Are Not Created Equal

2009-09-27T10:45:00.001-07:00

Men and women are not created equal. Equal indicates that both halves are the same. This is not true for men and women. Any one can see that we are physiologically different. We are two halves of a whole. In the Bible God it says, "The two shall become one." Why is that? It's because we are only half of the puzzle. Men are the key but women are the lock. One has no function without the other. One is meaningless with out the other. Does it mean we can't live alone? No, a key can be there and still be beautiful, as well as a lock can be. It's meant for something else though. It is our God given design to be there for each other.

Does not being equal mean we do not deserve equal pay for the same job done? Does it mean that women cannot do the same jobs as men? No, I don't think so I think it means that we bring to the table different things. God created men to be protectors, physically stronger then women, more of aggressors to fight for those whom are theirs. Women were designed to birth and care for children through breastfeeding and being softer and rounder for comfort. Times have changed men no longer have to physically fight for their family on daily basis and women have the ability use formula or hire someone to watch their children but, this is not what God intended in his design.

In the work force a wise businessperson would hire both male and female because they are different. Marriage is meant to bring the two halves together in holy union but in a work place we can use the design to advance us in business, using these differences. Scientist has even found that when studying the brain activity of men and women that indeed think differently. We should celebrate our differences instead of trying to be equal. I think if we asked God if he thought we were equal he would see humor in it since he created us different for a reason and he loves us the same. He has plans for each and every one of us.

I think in the work place or where ever we go on one should be looked down on or deemed less important. Equal pay, equal rise in power (when deserved best man or women should get it). We have rights! I am not equal to man I am better in my own way as a woman. I am proud to be woman.

Debbie Krause aka Dr. Mama Love http://www.askdrmamalove.com answering all your questions on relationships,love, marriage and family issues. Ask you questions and I'll get back to you as soon as possible.

Love Is a Decision

2009-09-27T10:42:00.000-07:00

Many people are confused and think that the giddy feelings when your relationship first starts is love. Love is much more then your stomach flipping or the goose bumps you get when he/she touches your hand. One must understand that this is infatuation and not true love. True love is being able to say I will love you no matter what. There is nothing in this world that will stop me. I will love you even when I don't like you or what you are doing. Parents tend to have this with their children but someone who is very lucky will have this with their spouse. How do you know if you have this type of love? The answer to that question is only time will tell. This is why it's important to date a while to see if this is the type of decision that you can make. You want to know that when you make that decision to love someone it's a permanent thing and one that you want to be sure your mate has for you. Marriage is usually the result of this decision.

Unfortunately there are times when a decision to make things permanent was a poor decision and you can no longer live with this person. Maybe this person is physical or mentally abusive. We all know there are relationships like this. This is when it is time to move on. This does not mean that you stop loving that person after all they are children of God too. It only means that this person is no longer a person who builds you up but rather a person that brings yo down. Staying in a relationship like this is harmful to both parties. Leaving this type of relationship also does not mean you can never find love again. We are humans and our hearts are big and we have the capacity of loving many people.

Debbie Krause aka Dr. Mama Love

http://www.askdrmamalove.com

After the Trust is Broken

2009-09-27T10:37:00.001-07:00

Trust is one of the most important things one can have in a relationship. Without trust the relationship is doomed. We must trust that our spouse loves us and will be faithful. We trust when our babies are born that they will be everything we ever dreamed of and more. We trust in God and that he will always be there. We have a lot of trust but when that trust is broken everything in our world seems to come crashing down around us. If we cannot rebuild that trust then there is nothing left in the relationship.

Rebuilding trust in a relationship takes time especially if the other party has done something that has shocked you and hurt you. Having trust broken in a relationship is painful but sometimes it's possible to rebuild if both parties want that and if there is still love on both sides.

If the trust has been broken between you and your child maybe he has snuck out at night or has been caught smoking. As a parent you know you taught them better then that. Now what? Punishment commences and then it's time to start rebuilding the trust. You never stopped loving them. You start rebuilding the trust by gradually giving them more of their freedoms back that had been taken away when you punished them. With a spouse we start by allowing them to get a little closer to us after we have pulled away from them. Have they cheated on you? The first thing that should happen is that one of the couple needs to move away. Then the process of courting should begin.

Courting can be a lot of fun. If you are the spouse whose trust has been broken I suggest you play it for all it is worth. Make him/her gravel. Get counseling so you can learn how to cope with the broken trust and learn how you got to this point. If there is abuse then there is no second chance. Get out.

The truth of the matter is with me there is no second chance but everyone has to make his or her own decision. Remember though there is no third time. Another fact to remember is that if you are the person that the spouse is cheating with if he/she has done it once who's to say it won't happen again. Don't be the cause of a broken marriage.

When the Children Come

2009-09-27T10:34:00.001-07:00

When children come in a marriage, it is important to remember that your children will some day grow up and when they leave the house it will only be you and your spouse again. This means that you must keep the relationship between you and your husband healthy. This can be done by making sure you have time alone with the person you love. To spend time with each other doing things that both of you enjoy. It could be going to the movies or going to dinner or simply taking a walk together.

It is important to communicate with each other about how to raise the kids. What should be punishment and what should the kids be allowed to do. Don't discuss this all in front of the kids. They should always believe that you both are on the same page. You are a united front. You'll need this especially when your children reach the teenage years!

Don't give up on your children. Sometimes they will do things that they shouldn't or were told not to but this is normal. It is the job of parents to make sure our kids stay on track, to guide them. They probably don't want to be guided but it is important to continually do this, later we will reap the rewards. My mother always told me that some day my children would rise up and call me blessed like it says in the Bible. I have with my Mother and Father and I can't wait til the day my children do to!

Debbie Krause aka Dr. Mama Love http://www.askdrmamalove.com answering all your questions on relationships,love, marriage and family issues. Ask you questions and I'll get back to you as soon as possible.

Make Your Marriage Last

2009-09-27T10:30:00.000-07:00

Marriage is something two people do when they are in love. When they have the decision to love each other no matter what. There are a few things that will help your marriage to last. First thing to remember is never go to sleep angry. This is important because over night allows too much time for the problems to fester and become bigger.

The second thing to remember is when you do argue and everyone will eventually. Remember to use words like "I feel like this.... when you do this" Never use words like "You always do..." You never..." You are placing the blame totally on the other person. It's an accusation. Remember money is on of the biggest areas people fight about. If you have debt problems seek help.

Take interest in what your spouse is doing even if it isn't something you would like to do. Put the other person first. If grocery shopping needs to be done and there is no choice but to go, and if both of you are extremely tired. Who do you think should go to the store? Should you say, "you go I don't feel like going." No, you say, "I'll go I know how tired you are." This is putting the other person first. Compliment your spouse. Your beautiful, you look nice, I'm really proud of you. Thank- you for being so good with our children. Many think that you don't have to tell them, they already know. Well the truth is we all need that affirmation that we are good, that we are worthy and that the spouse still thinks we are great!

Debbie Krause aka Dr. Mama Love http://www.askdrmamalove.com answering all your questions on relationships,love, marriage and family issues. Ask you questions and I'll get back to you as soon as possible.

Key Indicators to Pack Your Bags

2009-09-27T10:25:00.000-07:00

Sometimes counseling works but when it fails...LEAVE! Get yourself a good lawyer and stash some money away while you are in counseling just in case you need it Leave when counseling fails. Remember also that it is important that if any of these key indicators are occurring you should have him leave or you need to leave until your are sure that these are no longer occurring. You are God's child and do not deserve to be abused. God does not expect us to be any ones doormat.

Key indicators

1. Infidelity- he/she is cheating on you. (One time is too many)

2. Physical abuse- your no ones doormat you don't deserve this GET OUT!

3. Mental abuse- this one is a tough one to know but very important. Sometimes words hurt more then physical abuse.

a. He puts you down in front of others.

b. He controls you- wants to know where you are and what you are doing all the time.

c. He says things that does not bring you up but always brings you

4. He makes you cry all the time or depressed.

5. If your dating and your parents and friends don't like him. Trust them and take a deeper look at things because sometimes we are blind with love and can't see the real picture!God gave us these people to love us and sometimes we have to trust them and look to see what they are really trying to say. Sometimes we are blinded by love and cannot see the whole picture.

Debbie Krause aka Dr. Mama Love http://www.askdrmamalove.com answering all your questions on relationships,love, marriage and family issues. Ask you questions and I'll get back to you as soon as possible.

Flirting Is an Art

2009-09-27T10:18:00.000-07:00

Many people have no idea how to flirt. They simply are not able to communicate with the opposite sex and let them know how they feel. Flirting is an art and a verb (action word). The most important thing to remember when you set out to flirt is to wear something that you feel sexy in. It could be something silky, short or low cut. Maybe your favorite pair of jeans that you think looks great on you. Then when you walk in the room walk in with all the confidence in the world.

If you find that one person you want to flirt with, glance over at him. look him directly in the eyes and smile. Purposely lick your lips and while your talking to someone else give him a side ways glance. When you decide it's time to talk to him, go up to him and start talking to him. Gently while talking to him touch his hand or rub her shoulders if she she cold or maybe give him a gentle massage. Be creative; you need to touch. If you don't know him find someone who does and have them introduce you. Girls try not to be too pushy or obtainable at first because men love the chase. Remember to compliment her/him. "You have the most beautiful eyes." "That dress looks great on you." Remember that many people flirt when ever someone is around, male or female.

If the subject of your desire is flirting with you and you only then there's interest. If your subject is flirting with everyone don't put too much into it and set yourself up for a fall. That does not mean give up on your subject it's just that you need to know what the situation is before you continue.

Debbie Krause aka Dr. Mama Love: http://www.askdrmamalove.com/.

Attracting the Opposite Sex Through Body Language

2009-09-27T10:12:00.000-07:00

When someone walks into the room the first thing we notice is their body language. Even before they speak we get a sense of what they are thinking. Are they coming in the room upset with the shoulders slumped or are they smiling? This is very basic but what many of us really want to know is whether or not this person is interested in me. Well there are definite signs to know whether someone is interested in you or not.

One of the ways to tell if someone is interested in you is by their body language especially their eyes. Eyes are the window to their soul. Are the pupils dilated? Dilated pupils are an indication they are interested in you. Does the eyebrow go up slightly at the first meeting and gently go down? This is another sign. When he walks in the room are his shoulders back? Is he adjusting his tie or pants? Is she flipping or playing with her hair? Is she licking her lips? rubbing her thigh? These are ancient preening gestures.

Watch the feet are they pointing toward you slightly pigeon toed? Are her hands facing upward and open? That means she's open to you. Is she or he standing in your personal space? Your personal space is any thing closer then arms length away.

If the person is backing away or crossing their arms it may mean it is time to pursue someone else or take a different route with this person.

If you want to read more about relationships come to my site http://www.askdrmamalove.com/

Science

2009-09-26T11:23:00.000-07:00

Outer Space

Outer space (often simply called space) comprises the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. Outer space is used to distinguish it ..... to read more go to Part 1 -

Traditionally, there was no clear boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space, as the density of the atmosphere gradually decreases as the altitude increases. Nevertheless, .......... to read more go to Part 2 -

Outer Space - 3

2009-09-26T10:45:00.000-07:00

Geospace

Aurora australis observed by Discovery, May 1991.Geospace is the region of outer space near the Earth. Geospace includes the upper region of the atmosphere, as well as the ionosphere and magnetosphere. The Van Allen radiation belts also lie within the geospace. The region between Earth's atmosphere and the Moon is sometimes referred to as cis-lunar space.

Although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit. The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel. Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.

Geospace is populated at very low densities by electrically charged particles, whose motions are controlled by the Earth's magnetic field. These plasmas form a medium from which storm-like disturbances powered by the solar wind can drive electrical currents into the Earth’s upper atmosphere.

During geomagnetic storms two regions of geospace, the radiation belts and the ionosphere, can become strongly disturbed. These disturbances interfere with the functioning of satellite communications and navigation (GPS) technologies. These storms increase fluxes of energetic electrons that can permanently damage satellite electronics, and can also be a hazard to astronauts, even in low-Earth orbit.

Geospace contains material left over from previous manned and unmanned launches that are a potential hazard to spacecraft. Some of this debris re-enters Earth's atmosphere periodically.

The absence of air makes geospace (and the surface of the Moon) ideal locations for astronomy at all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, as evidenced by the spectacular pictures sent back by the Hubble Space Telescope, allowing light from about 13.7 billion years ago — almost to the time of the Big Bang — to be observed.

The outer boundary of geospace is the interface between the magnetosphere and the solar wind. The inner boundary is the ionosphere. Alternately, geospace is the region of space between the Earth’s upper atmosphere and the outermost reaches of the Earth’s magnetic field.

Interplanetary

Outer space within the solar system is called interplanetary space, which passes over into interstellar space at the heliopause. The vacuum of outer space is not really empty; it is sparsely filled with cosmic rays, which include ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles. There is also gas, plasma and dust, small meteors, and several dozen types of organic molecules discovered to date by microwave spectroscopy. Interplanetary space is defined by the solar wind, a continuous stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun that creates a very tenuous atmosphere (the heliosphere) for billions of miles into space. The discovery since 1995 of extrasolar planets means that other stars must possess their own interplanetary media.

Interstellar

Interstellar space is the physical space within a galaxy not occupied by stars or their planetary systems. The interstellar medium resides – by definition – in interstellar space.

Intergalactic

Intergalactic space is the physical space between galaxies. Generally free of dust and debris, intergalactic space is very close to a total vacuum. Certainly, the space between galaxy clusters, called the voids, is nearly empty. Some theories put the average density of the universe as the equivalent of one hydrogen atom per cubic meter. The density of the universe, however, is clearly not uniform; it ranges from relatively high density in galaxies (including very high density in structures within galaxies, such as planets, stars, and black holes) to conditions in vast voids that have much lower density than the universe's average.

Surrounding and stretching between galaxies, there is a rarefied plasma that is thought to possess a cosmic filamentary structure and that is slightly denser than the average density in the universe. This material is called the intergalactic medium (IGM) and is mostly ionized hydrogen, i.e. a plasma consisting of equal numbers of electrons and protons. The IGM is thought to exist at a density of 10 to 100 times the average density of the universe (10 to 100 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter). It reaches densities as high as 1000 times the average density of the universe in rich clusters of galaxies.

The reason the IGM is thought to be mostly ionized gas is that its temperature is thought to be quite high by terrestrial standards (though some parts of it are only "warm" by astrophysical standards). As gas falls into the Intergalactic Medium from the voids, it heats up to temperatures of 105 K to 107 K, which is high enough for the bound electrons to escape from the hydrogen nuclei upon collisions. At these temperatures, it is called the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM). Computer simulations indicate that on the order of half the atomic matter in the universe might exist in this warm-hot, rarefied state. When gas falls from the filamentary structures of the WHIM into the galaxy clusters at the intersections of the cosmic filaments, it can heat up even more, reaching temperatures of 108 K and above.

Outer Space - 2

2009-09-26T10:44:00.000-07:00

Boundary

The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale has established the Kármán line at an altitude of 100 kilometres (62 mi) as a working definition for the boundary between aeronautics and astronautics. This is used because above an altitude of roughly 100 km, as Theodore von Kármán calculated, a vehicle would have to travel faster than orbital velocity in order to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift from the atmosphere to support itself.

The United States designates people who travel above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km) as astronauts.

NASA's mission control uses 76 miles (122 km) as their re-entry altitude, which roughly marks the boundary where atmospheric drag becomes noticeable, (depending on the ballistic coefficient of the vehicle), thus leading shuttles to switch from steering with thrusters to maneuvering with air surfaces.

In 2009, scientists at the University of Calgary reported detailed measurements with an instrument called the Supra-Thermal Ion Imager (an instrument that measures the direction and speed of ions), which allowed them to determine that space begins 118 kilometres (73 mi) above Earth. The boundary represents the midpoint of a gradual transition over tens of kilometers from the relatively gentle winds of the Earth's atmosphere to the more violent flows of charged particles in space, which can reach speeds well over 600 miles per hour (1,000 km/h).

This was only the second time that direct measurements of charged particle flows have been conducted at this region, which is too high for balloons and too low for satellites. It was however the first study to include all the relevant elements for this kind of determination – for example, the upper atmospheric winds.

The instrument was carried by the JOULE-II rocket on January 19, 2007, and traveled to an altitude of about 124 miles (200 km). From there it collected data while it was moving through the "edge of space".

Space versus Orbit

To perform an orbit, a spacecraft must travel faster than a sub-orbital spaceflight. A spacecraft has not entered orbit until it is traveling with a sufficiently great horizontal velocity such that the acceleration due to gravity on the spacecraft is less than or equal to the centripetal acceleration being caused by its horizontal velocity (see circular motion). So to enter orbit, a spacecraft must not only reach space, but must also achieve a sufficient orbital speed (angular velocity). For a low-Earth orbit, this is about 7,900 m/s (28,440.00 km/h; 17,671.80 mph); by contrast, the fastest airplane speed ever achieved (excluding speeds achieved by deorbiting spacecraft) was 2,200 m/s (7,920.00 km/h; 4,921.26 mph) in 1967 by the North American X-15. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was the first person to realize that, given the energy available from any available chemical fuel, a several-stage rocket would be required. The escape velocity to pull free of Earth's gravitational field altogether and move into interplanetary space is about 11,000 m/s (39,600.00 km/h; 24,606.30 mph) The energy required to reach velocity for low Earth orbit (32 MJ/kg) is about twenty times the energy required simply to climb to the corresponding altitude (10 kJ/(km·kg)).

There is a major difference between sub-orbital and orbital spaceflights. The minimum altitude for a stable orbit around Earth (that is, one without significant atmospheric drag) begins at around 350 kilometres (220 mi) above mean sea level. A common misunderstanding about the boundary to space is that orbit occurs simply by reaching this altitude. Achieving orbital speed can theoretically occur at any altitude, although atmospheric drag precludes an orbit that is too low. At sufficient speed, an airplane would need a way to keep it from flying off into space, but at present, this speed is several times greater than anything within reasonable technology.

A common misconception is that people in orbit are outside Earth's gravity because they are "floating". They are floating because they are in "free fall": they are accelerating toward Earth, along with their spacecraft, but are simultaneously moving sideways fast enough that the "fall" away from a straight-line path merely keeps them in orbit at a constant distance above Earth's surface. Earth's gravity reaches out far past the Van Allen belt and keeps the Moon in orbit at an average distance of 384,403 kilometres (238,857 mi).

Regions

Space being not a perfect vacuum, its different regions are defined by the various atmospheres and "winds" that dominate within them, and extend to the point at which those winds give way to those beyond. Geospace extends from Earth's atmosphere to the outer reaches of Earth's magnetic field, whereupon it gives way to the solar wind of interplanetary space. Interplanetary space extends to the heliopause, whereupon the solar wind gives way to the winds of the interstellar medium. Interstellar space then continues to the edges of the galaxy, where it fades into the intergalactic void.
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Outer Space - 1

2009-09-26T10:39:00.000-07:00

Outer space (often simply called space) comprises the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. Outer space is used to distinguish it from airspace and terrestrial locations.

Contrary to popular understanding, outer space is not completely empty (i.e. a perfect vacuum), but contains a low density of particles, predominantly hydrogen plasma, as well as electromagnetic radiation and neutrinos. Hypothetically, it also contains dark matter and dark energy.

The term outer space was first recorded by the English poet Lady Emmeline Stuart-Wortley in her poem "The Maiden of Moscow" in 1842, and also later attested to the writings of HG Wells in 1901. The shorter term space is actually older, first used to mean the region beyond Earth's sky in John Milton's Paradise Lost in 1667.

Environment

Outer space is the closest approximation of a perfect vacuum. It has effectively no friction, allowing stars, planets and moons to move freely along ideal gravitational trajectories. But no vacuum is truly perfect, not even in intergalactic space where there are still a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter. (For comparison, the air we breathe contains about 1019 molecules per cubic centimeter.) The deep vacuum of space could make it an attractive environment for certain industrial processes, for instance those that require ultraclean surfaces.

Stars, planets, asteroids, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 1 Pa at 100 kilometres (62 mi) of altitude, the Kármán line which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.

Temperature

All of the observable universe is filled with large numbers of photons, created during the Big Bang, the so-called cosmic background radiation, and quite likely a correspondingly large number of neutrinos called the cosmic neutrino background. The current temperature of the photon radiation is about 3 K (−270.15 °C; −454.27 °F).

Effect on human bodies

Contrary to popular belief, a person suddenly exposed to the vacuum would not explode, freeze to death or die from boiling blood, but would take a short while to die by asphyxiation (suffocation). Air would immediately leave the lungs due to the enormous pressure gradient. Any oxygen dissolved in the blood would empty into the lungs to try to equalize the partial pressure gradient. Once the deoxygenated blood arrives at the brain, death would quickly follow.

Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes. Blood and other body fluids do boil when their pressure drops below 6.3 kPa, the vapor pressure of water at body temperature. This condition is called ebullism. The steam may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Ebullism is slowed by the pressure containment of blood vessels, so some blood remains liquid. Swelling and ebullism can be reduced by containment in a flight suit. Shuttle astronauts wear a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa. Water vapor would also rapidly evaporate off from exposed areas such as the lungs, cornea of the eye and mouth, cooling the body. Rapid evaporative cooling of the skin will create frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard. Space may be cold, but it's mostly vacuum and transfers heat ineffectually; as a result the main temperature regulation concern for space suits is how to get rid of naturally generated body heat.

Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen enrichment is necessary to prevent altitude sickness, and spacesuits are necessary to prevent ebullism above 19 kilometres (12 mi). Most spacesuits use only 20 kPa of pure oxygen, just enough to sustain full consciousness. This pressure is high enough to prevent ebullism, but simple evaporation of blood can still cause decompression sickness and gas embolisms if not managed.

Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop as small as 13 kPa, which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.
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Amir Khusrow - 3

2009-09-25T10:55:00.000-07:00

Hindavi couplets

Khusro dariya prem ka, ulṭī vā kī dhār,

Jo utrā so ḍūb gayā, jo ḍūbā so pār.

Khusro! the river of love has a reverse flow

He who enters will drown; he who drowns will get across.

Sej vo sūnī dekh ke rovun main din rain,

Piyā piyā main karat hūn pahron, pal bhar sukh nā chain.

Seeing the empty bed I cry night and day

Calling for my beloved all day, not a moment's happiness or rest.

Hindavi poems

Chhāp tilak sab chīnī re mose nainā milāike

Bāt atham keh dīnī re mose nainā milāike

Prem bhaṭī kā madvā pilāike

Matvālī kar līnhī re mose nainā milāike

Gorī gorī baīyān, harī harī chuṛiyān

baīyān pakaṛ dhar līnhī re mose nainā milāike

Bal bal jāūn main tore rang rajvā

Apnī sī kar līnhī re mose nainā milāike

Khusro Nijām ke bal bal jaiye

Mohe suhāgan kīnhī re mose nainā milāike

Bāt atham keh dīnī re mose nainā milāike

You've taken away my looks, my identity, by just a glance.

By making me drink the wine from the distillery of love

You've intoxicated me by just a glance;

My fair, delicate wrists with green bangles in them,

Have been held tightly by you with just a glance.

I give my life to you, Oh my cloth-dyer,

You've dyed me in yourself, by just a glance.

I give my whole life to you Oh, Nijam,

You've made me your bride, by just a glance.

Hindavi riddles

Nar naari kehlaati hai,

aur bin warsha jal jati hai;

Purkh say aaway purkh mein jaai,

na di kisi nay boojh bataai.

Is known by both masculine and feminine names,

And lightens up (or burns up) without rain;

Originates from a man and goes into a man,

But no one has been able to guess what it is.

Pawan chalat weh dehe badhavay

Jal peevat weh jeev ganvavay

Hai weh piyari sundar naar,

Naar nahin par hai weh naar.

With the blow of wind she flares up,

And dies as soon as she drinks water;

Even though she is a pretty woman,

She’s not a woman, though she’s feminine.

Answers

1. Nadi (Stream) 2. Aag (Fire)

Unique Multi-lingual Poem

Zeehaal-e miskeen makun taghaful,

duraye naina banaye batiyan;

ki taab-e hijran nadaram ay jaan,

na leho kaahe lagaye chhatiyan.

Shaban-e hijran daraz chun zulf

wa roz-e waslat cho umr kotah;

Sakhi piya ko jo main na dekhun

to kaise kaatun andheri ratiyan.

Yakayak az dil do chashm-e jadoo

basad farebam baburd taskin;

Kise pari hai jo jaa sunaave

piyare pi ko hamaari batiyan.

Cho shama sozan cho zarra hairan

hamesha giryan be ishq aan meh;

Na neend naina na ang chaina

Na aap aaven na bhejen patiyan.

Bahaqq-e roz-e wisal-e dilbar

ki daad mara ghareeb Khusrau;

Sapet man ke waraaye raakhun

jo jaaye paaon piya ke khatiyan.

NOTES

The phrase "Zeehaal-e-miskeen" comes from a poem of Amir Khusrau. The unique thing about this poem is that it is a macaronic, written in Persian and Brij Bhasha. In the first verse, the first line is in Persian, the second in Brij Bhasha, the third in Persian again, and the fourth in Brij Bhasha. In the remaining verses, the first two lines are in Persian, the last two in Brij Bhasha. The poem showcases Amir Khusrau's mastery over both languages. The English translation is:

Do not overlook my misery

Blandishing your eyes, and weaving tales;

My patience has over-brimmed, O sweetheart,

Why do you not take me to your bosom?

The nights of separation are long like tresses,

The day of our union is short like life;

When I do not get to see my beloved friend,

How am I to pass the dark nights?

Suddenly, as if the heart, by two enchanting eyes

Is beset by a thousand deceptions and robbed of tranquility;

But who cares enough to go and report

To my darling my state of affairs?

The lamp is aflame; every atom excited

I roam, always, afire with love;

Neither sleep to my eyes, nor peace for my body,

neither comes himself, nor sends any messages

In honour of the day of union with the beloved

who has lured me so long, O Khusrau;

I shall keep my heart suppressed,

if ever I get a chance to get to his place

Works

• Tuhfa-tus-Sighr (Offering of a Minor) his first divan, contains poems composed between the age of 16 and 19

• Wastul-Hayat (The Middle of Life) his second divan, contains poems composed at the peak of his poetic career

• Ghurratul-Kamaal (The Prime of Perfection) poems composed between the age of 34 and 43

• Baqia-Naqia (The Rest/The Miscellany) compiled at the age of 64

• Qissa Chahar Darvesh The Tale of the Four Dervishes

• Nihayatul-Kamaal (The Height of Wonders) compiled probably a few weeks before his death.

• Qiran-us-Sa’dain (Meeting of the Two Auspicious Stars) Mathnavi about the historic meeting of Bughra Khan and his son Kyqbad after long enmity (1289)

• Miftah-ul-Futooh (Key to the Victories) in praise of the victories of Jalaluddin Firuz Khilji (1291)

• Ishqia/Mathnavi Duval Rani-Khizr Khan (Romance of Duval Rani and Khizr Khan) a tragic love poem about Gujarat’s princess Duval and Alauddin’s son Khizr (1316)

• Noh Sepehr Mathnavi. (Mathnavi of the Nine Skies) Khusrau’s perceptions of India and its culture (1318)

• Tarikh-i-Alai ('Times of Alai'- Alauddin Khilji)

• Tughluq Nama (Book of the Tughluqs) in prose (1320)

• Khamsa-e-Nizami (Khamsa-e-Khusrau) five classical romances: Hasht-Bahisht, Matlaul-Anwar, Sheerin-Khusrau, Majnun-Laila and Aaina-Sikandari

• Ejaaz-e-Khusrovi (The Miracles of Khusrau) an assortment of prose compiled by himself

• Khazain-ul-Futooh (The Treasures of Victories) one of his more controversial books, in prose (1311-12)

• Afzal-ul-Fawaid utterances of Nizamuddin Auliya

• Ḳhāliq Bārī a versified glossary of Persian, Arabic, and Hindawi words and phrases attributed to Amir Khusrau, but most probably written in 1622 in Gwalior by Ẓiyā ud-Dīn Ḳhusrau

• Jawahar-e- Khusrovi often dubbed as the Hindawi divan of Khusrau

• Laila Majnu

• Ayina-i-Sikandari

• Mulla-ul-Anwar

• Shrin-wa-Khusrau

Amir Khusrow - 2

2009-09-25T10:36:00.000-07:00

Khusro the Royal poet

Khusro was a prolific classical poet associated with the royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. He is popular in much of North India and Pakistan, because of many playful riddles, songs and legends attributed to him. Through his enormous literary output and the legendary folk personality, Khusro represents one of the first (recorded) Indian personages with a true multi-cultural or pluralistic identity.

He wrote in both Persian and Hindustani. He also spoke Arabic and Sanskrit. His poetry is still sung today at Sufi shrines throughout Pakistan and India.

Amir Khusro was the author of a Khamsa which emulated that of the earlier poet of Persian epics Nezami Ganjavi. His work was considered to be one of the great classics of Persian poetry during the Timurid period in Transoxiana.

Amir Khusro and the origins of the Sitar and the Tabla

Amir Khusro is credited with fashioning the tabla as a split version of the traditional Indian drum, the pakhawaj.

Popular lore also credits him with inventing the sitar, the Indian grand lute, but it is possible that the Amir Khusro associated with the sitar lived in the 18th century (he is said to be a descendant of the son-in-law of Tansen, the celebrated classical singer in the court of the Mughal Emperor Akbar). See Origin Of Sitar and About Sitars.

Some samples of Khusro's poetry

Persian couplet

اگر فردوس بر روے زمین است

همین است و همین است و همین است

Agar firdaus bar roo-e zameen ast,

Hameen ast-o hameen ast-o hameen ast.

If there is any paradise on the face of the earth,

It is this, it is this, it is this.

Persian poems

کافر عشقم، مسلمانی مرا در کار نیست

هر رگ من تار گشته، حاجت زُنار نیست

از سر بالین من برخیز ای نادان طبیب

دردمند عشق را دارو به جز دیدار نیست

ناخدا بر کشتی ما گر نباشد، گو مباش!

ما خدا داریم ما ناخدا در کار نیست

خلق میگوید که خسرو بتپرستی میکند

آری! آری! میکنم! با خلق ما را کار نیست

Kafir-e-ishqam musalmani mara darkaar neest

Har rag-e mun taar gashta hajat-e zunnaar neest;

Az sar-e baaleen-e mun bar khez ay naadaan tabeeb

Dard mand-e ishq ra daroo bajuz deedaar neest;

Nakhuda dar kashti-e maa gar nabashad goo mubaash

Ma khuda daareem mara nakhuda dar kaar neest;

Khalq migoyad, ki Khusrau butparasti mikunad

Aare-aare mikunam, ba khalq mara kaar neest.

I am a pagan (worshiper) of love: the creed (of Muslims) I do not need;

Every vein of mine has become (taut like a) wire; the (Hindu) girdle I do not need.

Leave from my bedside, you ignorant physician!

The only cure for the patient of love is the sight of his beloved –

other than this no medicine does he need.

If there be no pilot on our ship, let there be none:

We have God in our midst: the pilot we do not need.

The people of the world say that Khusrau worships idols.

So I do, so I do; the people I do not need,

the world I do not need.

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Amir Khusrow - 1

2009-09-25T08:28:00.000-07:00

Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow (1253-1325 CE) better known as Amīr Khusrow Dehlawī, was an Indian musician, scholar and poet of Persian descent. He was an iconic figure in the cultural history of the Indian subcontinent. A Sufi mystic and a spiritual disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi, Amīr Khusrow was not only a notable poet but also a prolific and seminal musician. He wrote poetry primarily in Persian, but also in Hindavi.

He is regarded as the "father of qawwali" (the devotional music of the Indian Sufis). He is also credited with enriching Hindustani classical music by introducing Persian and Arabic elements in it, and was the originator of the khayal and tarana styles of music. The invention of the tabla is also traditionally attributed to Amīr Khusrow. Amir Khusrau used only 11 metrical schemes with 35 distinct divisions. He has written Ghazal, Masnavi, Qata, Rubai, Do-Beti and Tarkibhand.

A musician and a scholar, Amīr Khusrow was as prolific in tender lyrics as in highly involved prose and could easily emulate all styles of Persian poetry which had developed in medieval Persia, from Khāqānī's forceful qasidas to Nezāmī's khamsa. His contribution to the development of the ghazal, hitherto little used in India, is particularly significant...

Early life and background

Amīr Khusrow was born in Patiali near Etah in northern India. His father, Amīr Sayf ud-Dīn Mahmūd, was a Turkic officer and a member of the Lachin tribe of Transoxania, themselves belonging to the Kara-Khitais. His mother who belonged to the Rajput tribes of Uttar Pradesh. was the daughter of Rawat Arz, the famous war minister of Balban, a king of the Mamluk dynasty (1246-87).

Career

Major life events

1. 1253 Khusro was born (1253) in Badaun near Etah in what is today the state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India. His father Amir Saifuddin came from Balkh in modern day Afghanistan and his mother hailed from Delhi. 2. In 1260. After the death of his father, Khusro went to Delhi with his mother. He compiled his first divan of poetry, "Tuhfatus-Sighr" in the year 1271. 3. In 1272 Khusro got his first job as court poet with King Balban's nephew Malik Chhajju. 4. In 1276 Khusro started working as a poet with Bughra Khan (Balban's son). 5. 1279 While writing his second divan, Wastul-Hayat, husrau visited Bengal. 6. 1281 Employed by Sultan Mohammad (Balban's second son) and went to Multan with him. 7. In 1285 he participated as a soldier in the war against the invading Mongols. He was taken prisoner, but escaped. 8. In 1287 Khusro went to Awadh with Ameer Ali Hatim (another patron). 9. 1288 His first mathnavi, "Qiranus-Sa'dain" was completed. 10. 1290 When Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji came to power, Khusro's second mathnavi, "Miftahul Futooh" was ready. 11. 1294 His third divan "Ghurratul-Kamal" was complete. 12. 1295 Ala ud din Khilji (sometimes spelled "Khalji") came to power and invaded Devagiri and Gujarat. 13. 1298 Khusro completed his "Khamsa-e-Nizami". 14. 1301 Khilji attacked Ranthambhor, Chittor, Malwa and other places, and Khusro remained with the king in order to write chronicles. 15. 1310 Khusro became close to Nizamuddin Auliya, and completed Khazain-ul-Futuh. 16. 1315 Alauddin Khilji died. Khusro completed the mathnavi "Duval Rani-Khizr Khan" (a romantic poem). 17. 1316 Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah became the king, and the fourth historical mathnavi "Noh-Sepehr" was completed. 18. 1321 Mubarak Khilji (sometimes spelled "Mubarak Khalji") was murdered and Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq came to power. Khusro started to write the Tughluqnama. 19. 1325 Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq came to power. Nizamuddin Auliya died, and six months later so did Khusro. Khusro's tomb is next to that of his master in the Nizamuddin Dargah of Delhi.
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Ghost - Fact or Fiction Part 4

2009-09-24T12:16:00.000-07:00

Continuation of part 3

Mind of the Soul

First of all let us discuss about our brain, intentionally I used the word brain and did not used the word mind, there is a difference between mind and the brain. Brain is something physical while mind is not. In our brain there are billions of cells, it is same as we have a hard disk in our computer. In hard disk we can save a lot of data according to its capacity, the same way there is a lot of information stored in the cells of our brain, the capacity is also there, the volume of this capacity increases or decreases according to our environments. This stored information is based on the previous experiences before our birth, and the new information are being stored till our death.

According to the scientists after the death eyes take 24 hours and the brain takes 72 hours to stop there function. Why? And for what these extra hours are given to the eyes and brain. There must be some logic and reason behind it as the system of NATURE is pure, perfect and scientific and since the creation of this system till today no one is able to find a defect in it. From the very beginning we human being are in a process of exploring the world even the universe. In each era we explored the new fact, new ideas and new theories but never criticized the system, even sometimes we rejected our own theories but yet no one was dared to criticize the Nature and Her system because it is all perfect.

In here let us discuss about the brain. These 72 hours could be a transit period for transferring the stored data from brain to mind as mind never dies (mind is the brain of soul and the soul never dies). Mind does not have a physical existence and anything without a physical existence never dies. GOD is the best example for that.

Another example, say Mr., X dies due to any reason, just after his death we will say this is the dead body of Mr. X, now after the death we will never say that this is Mr. X inside the coffin we will say this is the dead body of Mr. X inside the coffin, then where is Mr. X. Mr. X is the one who was controlling the body, the physical body died but X is still there but we cannot see him, even we never saw him when the body was alive. For example I can say this is my head, my hands, my feet, etc... Then where am I, another important thing is this that a body cannot survive without a soul, same is with the soul, it also needs a body to keep its existence. We know it very well that in this world nothing could survive without a support, this topic of support is very vast, I can give you a lot of examples on this topic, and here I am giving a few examples out of that. We should see around us, the chair I am sitting on and writing this article need a support of the floor, pen I am writing with need a support of ink and my hand, while I am busy in writing I am also enjoying coffee, coffee need a support of mug while mug need a support of table, table is given support of the floor, the floor is supported by the walls etc…, The best and simple example are the words, words are supported by their meanings without meaning they do not have any value, I can say it without any doubt that meaning of a word are the soul of that word because meanings are keeping that world alive, etc… nothing in this world could survive at its own every thing is dependent of something. In simple science everything is a compound of some 2 or more than 2 elements. Same is with the soul it cannot survive without a body. Now if this is the case then after the death where the soul goes? What is and where is the new body of the soul. Either we have to believe in Hindu philosophy of reincarnation or we should have some other answer to this question. Reincarnation is a very old philosophy, but it seems to be more political than practical as this philosophy was the main support for Arians to rule the India, and Arians had propagated this thought all over the India for their own survivals… so where the soul goes after the death .
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Author : Wajahat - 24 Sept - 2009

History

2009-09-24T07:25:00.000-07:00

Omer Khayyam -

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Amir Khusrow

Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow (1253-1325 CE) better known as Amīr Khusrow Dehlawī, was an Indian musician, scholar and poet of Persian descent. He was an iconic figure in the . ..... to read more go to Part 1 -

Khusro was a prolific classical poet associated with the royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. He is popular in much of North India and Pakistan because of ..... to read more go to Part 2 -

Khusro dariya prem ka, ulṭī vā kī dhār, --- Jo utrā so ḍūb gayā, jo ḍūbā so pār.
Khusro! the river of love has a reverse flow --- He who enters will drown; he who . ..... to read more go to Part 3 -

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Mystries

2009-09-24T05:36:00.000-07:00

Ghost - Fact or Fiction

In the dark, when we switch on a light we could see things around us. As far the light goes that much far we can see, but as much far (distance) the light travels its strength and ..... to read more please enter Part 1 -

I was about 18 years old, one night I dream that one of my relative standing on the terrace of his house and holding a flower in his hand was trying to bend down toward the road in front of his house. Dream was a normal one and as you don’t have any control on your dreams ..... to read more please enter Part 2 -

Before going in further discussion on this topic let me tell you a true story, it will show that how the human behavior changes when he do not have a proper justification of an event ..... to read more please enter Part 3 -

First of all let us discuss about our brain, intentionally I used the word brain and did not used the word mind, there is a difference between mind and the brain. Brain is somthing ..... to read more please enter Part 4 -

Omar Khayyam - 3

2009-09-24T01:43:00.000-07:00

Views on religion

Despite strong Islamic training, there have been widely divergent views on Khayyam. According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr no other Iranian writer/scholar is viewed in such extremely differing ways. At one end of the spectrum there are night clubs named after Khayyam and he is seen as an agnostic hedonist. On the other end of the spectrum, he is seen as a mystical Sufi poet influenced platonic traditions.

Robertson (1914) believes that that Omar Khayyam himself was undevout and had no sympathy with popular religion, but the verse: "Enjoy wine and women and don't be afraid, God has compassion," suggests that he wasn't an atheist. He further believes that it is almost certain that Khayyam objected to the notion that every particular event and phenomenon was the result of divine intervention. Nor did he believe in an afterlife with a Judgment Day or rewards and punishments. Instead, he supported the view that laws of nature explained all phenomena of observed life. One hostile orthodox account of him shows him as "versed in all the wisdom of the Greeks" and as insistent that studying science on Greek lines is necessary. Roberston (1914) further opines that Khayyam came into conflict with religious officials several times, and had to explain his views on Islam on multiple occasions; there is even one story about a treacherous pupil who tried to bring him into public odium. The contemporary Ibn al Kifti wrote that Omar Khayyam "performed pilgrimages not from piety but from fear" of his contemporaries who divined his unbelief.

Although a great number of quatrains erroneously attributed to Khayyam manifest a more colorful irreligiousness and hedonism, nevertheless, the number of his original quatrains that advocate laws of nature and deny the idea of resurrection and eternal life readily outweigh others that express the slightest devotion or praise to God or Islamic beliefs. The following two quatrains are representative of numerous others that serve to reject many tenets of Islamic dogma:

O cleric, we are more active than you,
Even so drunk, we are more attentive than you,
You drink the blood of men, we drink the blood of grapes [wine],
Be fair, which one of us is more bloodthirsty?

خيام اگر ز باده مستى خوش باش
با ماه رخى اگر نشستى خوش باش
چون عاقبت كار جهان نيستى است
انگار كه نيستى، چو هستى خوش باش

Which translates in Fitzgerald’s work as?

And if the Wine you drink, the Lip you press,
End in the Nothing all Things end in — Yes —
Then fancy while Thou art, Thou art but what
Thou shalt be — Nothing — Thou shalt not be less.

A more literal translation could read:

If with wine you are drunk be happy,
If seated with a moon-faced (beautiful), be happy,
Since the end purpose of the universe is nothing-ness;
Hence picture your nothing-ness, then while you are, be happy!

آنانكه ز پيش رفتهاند اى ساقى
درخاك غرور خفتهاند اى ساقى
رو باده خور و حقيقت از من بشنو
باد است هرآنچه گفتهاند اى ساقى

which Fitzgerald has boldly interpreted as:

Why, all the Saints and Sages who discuss’d
Of the Two Worlds so learnedly — are thrust
Like foolish Prophets forth; their Words to Scorn
Are scatter’d, and their Mouths are stopt with Dust.

A literal translation, in an ironic echo of "all is vanity", could read:

Those who have gone forth, thou cup-bearer,
Have fallen upon the dust of pride, thou cup-bearer,
Drink wine and hear from me the truth:
(Hot) air is all that they have said, thou cup-bearer.

But some specialists, like Seyyed Hossein Nasr who looks at the available philosophical works of Omar Khayyam, maintain that it is really reductive to just look at the poems (which are sometimes doubtful) to establish his personal views about God or religion; in fact, he even wrote a treatise entitled "al-Khutbat al-gharrå˘" (The Splendid Sermon) on the praise of God, where he holds orthodox views, agreeing with Avicenna on Divine Unity. In fact, this treatise is not an exception, and S.H. Nasr gives an example where he identified himself as a Sufi, after criticizing different methods of knowing God, preferring the intuition over the rational (opting for the so-called "kashf", or unveiling, method):

"... Fourth, the Sufis, who do not seek knowledge by ratiocination or discursive thinking, but by purgation of their inner being and the purifying of their dispositions. They cleanse the rational soul of the impurities of nature and bodily form, until it becomes pure substance. When it then comes face to face with the spiritual world, the forms of that world become truly reflected in it, without any doubt or ambiguity.

This is the best of all ways, because it is known to the servant of God that there is no reflection better than the Divine Presence and in that state there are no obstacles or veils in between. Whatever man lacks is due to the impurity of his nature. If the veil be lifted and the screen and obstacle removed, the truth of things as they are will become manifest and known. And the Master of creatures [the Prophet Muhammad]—upon whom be peace—indicated this when he said: “Truly, during the days of your existence, inspirations come from God. Do you not want to follow them?” Tell unto reasoners that, for the lovers of God [gnostics], intuition is guide, not discursive thought."
—‘Umar Khayyam

The same author goes on by giving other philosophical writings which are totally compatible with the religion of Islam, as the "al-Risålah fil-wujud" (Treatise on Being), written in Arabic, which begin with Quranic verses and asserting that all things come from God, and there is an order in these things. In another work, "Risålah jawåban li-thalåth maså˘il" (Treatise of Response to Three Questions), he gives a response to question on, for instance, the becoming of the soul post-mortem. S.H. Nasr even gives some poetry where he is perfectly in favor of Islamic orthodoxy, but also expressing mystical views (God's goodness, the ephemerical state of this life, ...):

Thou hast said that Thou wilt torment me,
But I shall fear not such a warning.
For where Thou art, there can be no torment,
And where Thou art not, how can such a place exist?

The rotating wheel of heaven within which we wonder,
Is an imaginal lamp of which we have knowledge by similitude.
The sun is the candle and the world the lamp,
We are like forms revolving within it.

A drop of water falls in an ocean wide,
A grain of dust becomes with earth allied;
What doth thy coming, going here denote?
A fly appeared a while, then invisible he became.

Giving some reasons of the misunderstanding about Omar Khayyam in the West, but also elsewhere, S.H. Nasr concludes by saying that if a correct study of the authentical Rubaiyat is done, but along with the philosophical works, or even the spiritual biography entitled Sayr wa sulak (Spiritual Wayfaring), we can no longer view the man as a simple hedonistic wine-lover, or even an early skeptic, but, by looking at the entire man, a profound mystical thinker and scientist whose works are more important than some doubtful verses.

Philosopher

Khayyam himself rejects to be associated with the title falsafi- (lit. philosopher) in the sense of Aristotelian one and stressed he wishes "to know who I am". In the context of philosophers he was labeled by some of his contemporaries as "detached from divine blessings".

However it is now established that Khayyam taught for decades the philosophy of Aviccena, especially "the Book of Healing", in his home town Nishapur, till his death. In an incident he had been requested to comment on a disagreement between Aviccena and a philosopher called Abu'l-Barakat (known also as Nathanel) who had criticized Aviccena strongly. Khayyam is said to have answered "[he] does not even understand the sense of the words of Avicenna, how can he oppose what he does not know?"

Khayyam the philosopher could be understood from two rather distinct sources. One is through his Rubaiyat and the other through his own works in light of the intellectual and social conditions of his time. The latter could be informed by the evaluations of Khayyam’s works by scholars and philosophers such as Bayhaqi, Nezami Aruzi, and Zamakhshari and also Sufi poets and writers Attar Nishapuri and Najmeddin Razi.

As a mathematician, Khayyam has made fundamental contributions to the Philosophy of mathematics especially in the context of Persian Mathematics and Persian philosophy with which most of the other Persian scientists and philosophers such as Avicenna, Biruni, and Tusi are associated. There are at least three basic mathematical ideas of strong philosophical dimensions that can be associated with Khayyam.

1. Mathematical order: From where does this order issue, and why does it correspond to the world of nature? His answer is in one of his philosophical "treatises on being". Khayyam’s answer is that "the Divine Origin of all existence not only emanates wojud or being, by virtue of which all things gain reality, but It is also the source of order that is inseparable from the very act of existence."

2. The significance of postulates (i.e. axiom) in geometry and the necessity for the mathematician to rely upon philosophy and hence the importance of the relation of any particular science to prime philosophy. This is the philosophical background to Khayyam's total rejection of any attempt to "prove" the parallel postulate and in turn his refusal to bring motion into the attempt to prove this postulate as had Ibn al-Haytham because Khayyam associated motion with the world of matter and wanted to keep it away from the purely intelligible and immaterial world of geometry.

3. Clear distinction made by Khayyam, on the basis of the work of earlier Persian philosophers such as Avicenna, between natural bodies and mathematical bodies. The first is defined as a body that is in the category of substance and that stands by itself, and hence a subject of natural sciences, while the second, also called “volume”, is of the category of accidents (attributes) that do not subsist by themselves in the external world and hence is the concern of mathematics. Khayyam was very careful to respect the boundaries of each discipline and criticized Ibn al-Haytham in his proof of the parallel postulate precisely because he had broken this rule and had brought a subject belonging to natural philosophy, that is, motion, which belongs to natural bodies, into the domain of geometry, which deals with mathematical bodies.

Omar Khayyam - 2

2009-09-24T01:42:00.000-07:00

Khayyam-Saccheri quadrilateral

The Khayyam–Saccheri quadrilateral was first considered by Omar Khayyam in the late 11th century in Book I of Explanations of the Difficulties in the Postulates of Euclid. Unlike many commentators on Euclid before and after him (including of course Saccheri), Khayyam was not trying to prove the parallel postulate as such but to derive it from an equivalent postulate he formulated from "the principles of the Philosopher" (Aristotle):

Two convergent straight lines intersect and it is impossible for two convergent straight lines to diverge in the direction in which they converge.

Khayyam then considered the three cases (right, obtuse, and acute) that the summit angles of a Saccheri quadrilateral can take and after proving a number of theorems about them, he (correctly) refuted the obtuse and acute cases based on his postulate and hence derived the classic postulate of Euclid.

It wasn't until 600 years later that Giordano Vitale made an advance on Khayyam in his book Euclide restituo (1680, 1686), when he used the quadrilateral to prove that if three points are equidistant on the base AB and the summit CD, then AB and CD are everywhere equidistant. Saccheri himself based the whole of his long, heroic, and ultimately flawed proof of the parallel postulate around the quadrilateral and its three cases, proving many theorems about its properties along the way.

As a Astronomer

Like most Persian mathematicians of the period, Omar Khayyam was also famous as an astronomer. In 1073, the Seljuk Sultan, Sultan Jalal al-Din Malekshah Saljuqi (Malik-Shah I, 1072-92), invited Khayyam to build an observatory, along with various other distinguished scientists. One is Shamse Tabrizi, his mentor and the father of Kimia Khatoon, who he fell in love with. Eventually, Khayyam and his colleagues measured the length of the solar year as 365.2425 days. Omar's calendar was more accurate than 500 years later the Gregorian calendar. The modern Iranian calendar is based on his calculations

Calendar reform

Omar Khayyam was part of a panel that introduced several reforms to the Persian calendar, largely based on ideas from the Hindu calendar. On March 15, 1079, Sultan Malik Shah I accepted this corrected calendar as the official Persian calendar.

This calendar was known as Jalali calendar after the Sultan, and was in force across Greater Iran from the 11th to the 20th centuries. It is the basis of the Iranian calendar which is followed today in Iran and Afghanistan. While the Jalali calendar is more accurate than the Gregorian, it is based on actual solar transit, (similar to Hindu calendars), and requires an Ephemeris for calculating dates. The lengths of the months can vary between 29 and 32 days depending on the moment when the sun crossed into a new zodiacal area (an attribute common to most Hindu calendars). This meant that seasonal errors were lower than in the Gregorian calendar.

The modern-day Iranian calendar standardizes the month lengths based on a reform from 1925, thus minimizing the effect of solar transits. Seasonal errors are somewhat higher than in the Jalali version, but leap years are calculated as before.

Omar Khayyam also built a star map (now lost), which was famous in the Persian and Islamic world.

Heliocentric theory

It is said that Omar Khayyam also estimated and proved to an audience that included the then-prestigious and most respected scholar Imam Ghazali, that the universe is not moving around earth as was believed by all at that time. By constructing a revolving platform and simple arrangement of the star charts lit by candles around the circular walls of the room, he demonstrated that earth revolves on its axis, bringing into view different constellations throughout the night and day (completing a one-day cycle). He also elaborated that stars are stationary objects in space which, if moving around earth, would have been burnt to cinders due to their large mass.

Poet

He is believed to have written about a thousand four-line verses or quatrains (rubaai's). In the English-speaking world, he was introduced through the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam which is rather free-wheeling English translations by Edward FitzGerald (1809-1883).

Other translations of parts of the Rubaiyat (Rubaiyat meaning "quatrains") exist, but FitzGerald's are the most well known. Translations also exist in languages other than English.

Ironically, FitzGerald's translations reintroduced Khayyam to Iranians "who had long ignored the Nishapuri poet." A 1934 book by one of Iran's most prominent writers, Sadeq Hedayat, Songs of Khayyam, (Taranehha-ye Khayyam) is said have "shaped the way a generation of Iranians viewed" the poet.

Omar Khayyam's personal beliefs are not known with certainty, but much is discernible from his poetic oeuvre.

P o e t r y

(These poems were translated by Edward FitzGerald and are potentially more

revealing of the thoughts of Edward than Omar.)

And, as the Cock crew,
Those who stood before
The Tavern shouted - "Open then the Door!
You know how little time we have to stay,
And once departed, may return no more."

Alike for those who for TO-DAY prepare,
And that after a TO-MORROW stare,
A Muezzin from the Tower of Darkness cries
"Fools! Your reward is neither Here nor There!"

Why, all the Saints and Sages who discuss'd
Of the Two Worlds so learnedly, are thrust
Like foolish Prophets forth; their Words to Scorn
Are scatter'd, and their mouths are stopt with Dust.

Oh, come with old Khayyam, and leave the Wise:
To talk; one thing is certain, that Life flies;
One thing is certain, and the Rest is Lies;
The Flower that once has blown for ever dies.

Myself when young did eagerly frequent
Doctor and Saint, and heard great Argument
About it and about: but evermore
Came out of the same Door as in I went.

With them the Seed of Wisdom did I sow,
And with my own hand labour'd it to grow:
And this was all the Harvest that I reap'd –
"I came like Water, and like Wind I go."

Into this Universe, and why not knowing,
Nor whence, like Water willy-nilly flowing:
And out of it, as Wind along the Waste,
I know not whither, willy-nilly blowing.

The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ,
Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit
Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line,
Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it.

And that inverted Bowl we call The Sky,
Where under crawling coop't we live and die,
Lift not thy hands to It for help - for
It Rolls impotently on as Thou or I.

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Omar Khayyam - 1

2009-09-24T01:40:00.002-07:00

(1048 AD, Neyshapur, Iran—1123 AD, Neyshapur, Iran),

Umar Khayyam was born in Nishapur, Iran. His full name is Ghiyath al-Din Abu'l-Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim Al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami’ in that time Nishapur was Seljuk capital in Khorasan. It is said that Khayyam’s father may have been a convert from Zoroastrian religion to Sunni slam, and so he was a first generation Muslim. But other biographers of Khayyam have not supported this claim; they describe him as a Shi’a Muslim. He is thought to have been born into a family of tent makers (literally, al-khayyami in Arabic means "tent-maker"); later in life he would make this into a play on words:

Khayyam, who stitched the tents of science,
Has fallen in grief's furnace and been suddenly burned,
The shears of Fate have cut the tent ropes of his life,
And the broker of Hope has sold him for nothing!

He is famous as a Persian polymath, mathematiciam, philosopher, astronomer and poet. He also wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, and music and was a physicist.
A part of his childhood was spent in the town of Balkh (present northern Afghanistan), In Balkh he study under the well-known scholar Sheikh Muhammad Mansuri. Subsequently, he studied under Imam Mowaffaq Nishapuri. In those times Imam Mowaffaq was considered one of the greatest teachers of the Khorassan region.

According to a well-known legend called Three Schoolmates, other then Umar Khayyam there was two other exceptional students studied under the Imam Mowaffaq at about the same time: 2. Nizam-ul-Mulk (b. 1018), who later become the Vizier to the Seljukid Empire, and 3. Hassan Bin Sabah (b.1034), who became the leader of the Hashshashin (Nizar Ismaili) sect. These three students became friends, and when Nizam-ul-Mulk became Vizier, Hassan Sabah and Omar Khayyam each went to him, and asked to share in his good fortune. As per his demand Hassan Sabah was granted a place in the government, but was removed from power after he participated in an unsuccessful coup against his benefactor, the Vizier. Omar Khayyam was more modest and asked merely for a place to live, to study science, and to pray. He was granted a yearly pension of 1,200 mithkals of gold from the treasury of Nishapur. He lived on this pension for the rest of his life.

This legend is rejected by many scholars, due to the 30-year age difference between Khayyam and Nizam-ul-Mulk. According to them it makes unlikely for the two to have attended school together. Also to consider this very fact that these three men were grew up in different parts of the country. But the popularity and spread of the legend, however, is notable and could perhaps be explained by the fact that the three men were the most prominent figures of their time and represented three dominant approaches to reform and betterment of the society, namely, scientific discovery, represented by Khayyam, armed rebellion, represented by Hassan Sabah, and strengthening the power establishment and the rule of law and order, represented by Nizam-ul-Mulk.

Omar Khayyam as a Mathematician

Omar Khayyam was famous during his times as a mathematician. He wrote the influential Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra (1070), which laid down the principles of algebra. He also derived the general methods for solving cubic equations and even some higher orders. He was the first Persian mathematician to call the unknown factor of an equation (i.e., the x) shiy (meaning thing or something in Arabic). (The unknown factors are usually represented by an x.)

In the Treatise he also wrote on the triangular array of binomial coefficients known as Pascal’s triangle. In 1077, Omar wrote Sharh ma ashkala min musadarat kitab Uqlidis (Explanations of the Difficulties in the Postulates of Euclid). An important part of the book is concerned with Euclid's famous parallel postulate, which had also attracted the interest of Thabit ibn Qurra. Al-Haytham had previously attempted a demonstration of the postulate; Omar's attempt was a distinct advance, and his criticisms made their way to Europe, and may have contributed to the eventual development of non-Euclidean Geometry He also had other notable work in geometry, specifically on the theory of proportions.

Theory of parallels

His book entitled Explanations of the difficulties in the postulates in Euclid's Elements, covers the several sections on the parallel postulate (Book I), on the Euclidean definition of ratios and the Anthyphairetic ratio (modern continued fractions) (Book II), and on the multiplication of ratios (Book III).

The first section is a treatise containing some propositions and lemmas concerning the parallel postulate. It has reached us from a reproduction in a manuscript written in 1387-88 AD by the Persian mathematician Tusi. Tusi mentions explicitly that he re-writes the treatise "in Khayyam's own words" and quotes Khayyam saying that "they are worth adding to Euclid's Elements (first book) after Proposition 28." This proposition states a condition enough for having two lines in plane parallel to one another. After this proposition follows another, numbered 29, which is converse to the previous one. The proof of Euclid uses the so-called parallel postulate (numbered 5). Objection to the use of parallel postulate and alternative view of proposition 29 have been a major problem in foundation of what is now called non-Euclidean geometry.

The treatise of Omar can be considered as the first treatment of parallels axiom which is not based on petitio principii but on more intuitive postulate. Khayyam refutes the previous attempts by other Greek and Persian mathematicians to prove the proposition. And he, as Aristotle, refuses the use of motion in geometry and therefore dismisses the different attempt by Ibn Haytham too. In a sense he made the first attempt at formulating a non-Euclidean postulate as an alternative to the parallel postulate,

Geometric Algebra

Whoever thinks algebra is a trick in obtaining unknowns has thought it in vain. No attention should be paid to the fact that algebra and geometry are different in appearance. Algebras are geometric facts which are proved by propositions five and six of Book two of Elements.
—Omar Khayyam

This philosophical view of mathematics (see below) has had a significant impact on Khayyam's celebrated approach and method in geometric algebra and in particular in solving cubic equations. In that his solution is not a direct path to a numerical solution and in fact his solutions are not numbers but rather line segments. In this regard Khayyam's work can be considered the first systematic study and the first exact method of solving cubic equations.

In an untitled writing on cubic equation by Khayyam discovered in 20th century, where the above quote appears, Khayyam works on problems of geometric algebra. First is the problem of "finding a point on a quadrant of a circle such that when a normal is dropped from the point to one of the bounding radii, the ratio of the normal's length to that of the radius equals the ratio of the segments determined by the foot of the normal." Again in solving this problem, he reduces it to another geometric problem: "find a right triangle having the property that the hypotenuse equals the sum of one leg (i.e. side) plus the altitude on the hypotenuse. To solve this geometric problem, he specializes a parameter and reaches the cubic equation x3 + 200x = 20x2 + 2000. Indeed, he finds a positive root for this equation by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle.

This particular geometric solution of cubic equations has been further investigated and extended to degree four equations.

Regarding more general equations he states that the solution of cubic equations requires the use of conic sections and that it cannot be solved by ruler and compass methods. A proof of this impossibility was plausible only 750 years after Khayyam died. In this paper Khayyam mentions his will to prepare a paper giving full solution to cubic equations: "If the opportunity arises and I can succeed, I shall give all these fourteen forms with all their branches and cases, and how to distinguish whatever is possible or impossible so that a paper, containing elements which are greatly useful in this art will be prepared."

This refers to the book Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems of Algebra (1070) which laid down the principles of algebra, part of the body of Persian Mathematics that was eventually transmitted to Europe. In particular, he derived general methods for solving cubic equations and even some higher orders.

Binomial theorem and extraction of roots

From the Indians one has methods for obtaining square and cube roots, methods which are based on knowledge of individual cases, namely the knowledge of the squares of the nine digits 12, 22, 32 (etc.) and their respective products, i.e. 2 × 3 etc. We have written a treatise on the proof of the validity of those methods and that they satisfy the conditions. In addition we have increased their types, namely in the form of the determination of the fourth, fifth, sixth roots up to any desired degree. No one preceded us in this and those proofs are purely arithmetic, founded on the arithmetic of The Elements.
—Omar Khayyam Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra

This particular remark of Khayyam and certain propositions found in his Algebra book has made some historians of mathematics believe that Khayyam had indeed a binomial theorem up to any power. The case of power 2 is explicitly stated in Euclid's elements and the case of at most power 3 had been established by Indian mathematicians. Omar was the mathematician who noticed the importance of a general binomial theorem. The argument supporting the claim that Omar had a general binomial theorem is based on his ability to extract roots.
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Ghost - Fact or Fiction Part 3

2009-09-24T01:40:00.001-07:00

continuation of part 2

Supernatural to Natural

Before going in further discussion on this topic let me tell you a true story, it will show that how the human behavior changes when he do not have a proper justification of an event. “I remember, about 50 years back in our country we were experiencing the first and strict Marshall Law of our history. No one was dared to talk against the army. Villagers due to there simplicity were more frightened. ….. In a village people used to go to the nearby well to get the water for their daily necessities. In the same village there was a black-marketer who was holding a lot of sugar and was waiting for the correct time to sell it out at his desired rates. Due to sudden implementation of the marshal law, this black marketer thrown all the sacks of sugar in that well in the late night as he do not wants to be in trouble with the authorities, what he had done no one was aware of that. Next day in routine the people went to the well to get the water for there needs. This day the taste of the water was quite different. It was so sweet that people took it for a miracle; they were filling each and every glass and bucket of theirs with this (holly) water, with in few hours the news was speared in the village as well as the other nearby villages. The well was declared as sacred one. Miracles and all other supernatural stories were linked to that well, and so on. Even the sweetness of water was gone after few weeks and even the truth was also revealed yet the faith was still there.” Now it is 2008 gradually as the awareness came to the people the supernatural stories linked to that well are vanished and as the lot of development came to that area within last 50 years, most probably the well is also vanished. With this example we can understand that with the passage of time and as the awareness comes to the people how the things changes from supernatural to natural.

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Author : Wajahat - 15/09/2009

Ghost - Fact or Fiction Part 2

2009-09-24T01:37:00.000-07:00

continuation of part 1

Some of my Personal Experiences

1. I was about 18 years old, one night I dream that one of my relative standing on the terrace of his house and holding a flower in his hand was trying to bend down toward the road in front of his house. Dream was a normal one and as you don’t have any control on your dreams, so you could dream anything. Next morning a relative of ours came to our house and informed us about the sudden death of that person to whom I dreamed last night, his death caused due to a road accident. Still it was normal to me. BUT exactly after 40 days I experienced the same dream again, but the person was a different one, this time it was the younger brother of the dead one. It was now alarming for me, I remember the first dream and was discussing both the dreams with my father at breakfast table, the call bell rang, my uncle opened the door, a relative of mine was there with the same message, “the death in a road accident” the person I dreamed was died in a road accident. Was both of the dreams were a coincidence or there was some message to me or something else?

2. One night about 02:00 AM my father woke me up and asked me to exchange the room as he was not feeling comfortable in his room, as a result we exchange the rooms. In my father room I experienced a very scary dream, a lot of dead bodies around the bed and staring at me. Same night I experienced this dream repeatedly. Next morning before I discuss this to my father, he told me the same story that in his room he was repeatedly experiencing a very scary dream and finally he decided to leave the room; the dream he told me was exactly the same as what I dreamed that night. Question is this who was there that night and why?

3. My girlfriend with whom I was in love but was not able to marry her as her parents were never in my favor and later she was married to some one else. Meanwhile I got a job in middle east and the love story ended in such a way that I was married to a lady to whom I was not much interested, but within a year after my marriage I realize that this marriage was a gift of God to me, this marriage changed my life, whatever I wished I got it. All the previous love was gone in the air and I was and I am at the peak of my love with my wife. After five or six years of my marriage I had a strange dream. That time I was in middle east, one night I dream that my girlfriend (to whom I was in affair) came to my room I was lying on my bed, she sat very close to me almost close to my head, then she said I am leaving then suddenly she turned into a bird and flew out of the room, I woke up and that’s it. Next day as usual I called my wife at my homeland and she given me the news that my ex-girlfriend died last night, very strange?

4. There was a boy who was mentally disable and it was said that he was captured by the evil souls, he was also not able to speak properly. When ever anyone asks him about his name “what is your name” he always shouts back with a big voice “don’t ask me this” even he was not able to speak properly yet this sentence he could speak very loud and very well. Once I asked him the same question, he looked at me, slightly smiled and very quietly told me a name (???). He asked me to promise and not to tell this anyone, and I never told that name to anyone. After few days of this he died.

5. Some places which I never visited before I dreamed that and later after many years I was there and it was the time when I was remembering my years back dream.
I do have and remember a lot of such experiences because I watch them very closely and very seriously. We all have such experiences in our life; very few people take them seriously while the rest just ignore all such happenings. There is not a single person around the world who can say that he never had such experience or dreams. Frankly speaking it is very common; it is just a matter of remembering, observing and understanding them.

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Author : Wajahat 13-Sept-2009

Ghost - Fact or Fiction Part 1

2009-09-24T01:34:00.000-07:00

Behind the CURTAIN

Author Wajahat - 11-Sept-2009

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